Beljakovine in aminokisline v prehrani konja

Beljakovine in aminokisline v prehrani konja

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Beljakovine so kemične organske spojine z visoko molekularno težo. Njihove naloge v organizmu so zelo mnogostranske: so sestavni deli ogrodja telesnih celic (kosti, veznega tkiva, mišic, drugih tkiv), imajo funkcijo krčenja mišic, iz beljakovin so sestavljeni encimi, hormoni, sodelujejo v obrambi organizma (imunološke reakcije) itd. Gradbeni elementi za sestavo beljakovin so aminokisline. Raziskovalci so iz biološkim materialov izolirali več kot 200 različnih aminokislin, vendar pa v beljakovinah praviloma najdemo okrog 20 različnih aminokislin. Rastline in številni mikroorganizmi lahko sintetizirajo vse te aminokisline, konji pa kakor tudi ostale živali pa morajo večino aminokislin dobiti s krmo. Deset aminokislin je takšnih, ki jih živali nikakor ne morejo sintetizirati same in so zato obvezen sestavni element krme – imenujemo jih esencialne. V obsežnem debelem črevesu konja mikrobi sicer proizvedejo nekaj esencialnih aminokislin, ampak k oskrbi konja le te ne pripomorejo, kajti iz debelega črevesa se skorajda ne morejo resorbirati in se  izločajo z blatom.

Konj v resnici potrebuje aminokisline, ne beljakovin.

Med esencialne aminokisline spadajo arginin, histidin, izolevcin, levcin, lizin, metionin, fenilalanin, treonin, triptofan in valin. Potrebe po njih so različne glede na različno  kategorijo živali oziroma različne glede na starost in uporabo konja.

Po zaužitju beljakovin se le te s pomočjo prebavnih encimov razgradijo na osnovne enote – aminokisline, te pa se resorbirajo preko črevesne stene v krvni obtok, od koder se lahko porabljajo za različne namene. Celice telesnih tkiv odvzemajo aminokisline iz krvi in jih uporabijo za sintezo svojih lastnih proteinov (obnavljanje tkiv, tvorbo encimov, hormonov, povečanje mišičnega in drugih tkiv) ter za sintezo beljakovin različnih proizvodov (mleko, seme…). Viški zaužitih aminokislin pa se porabljajo v procesih za proizvodnje energije, vendar sproščene energije na ta način ni veliko, obenem pa predstavlja uporaba beljakovin kot vira energije za organizem velik napor. Organizem namreč v procesu razgradnje presnovnih produktov beljakovin za njihovo nevtralizacijo in razgradnjo porabi zelo veliko energije, poleg tega pa so ti presnovi produkti za organizem lahko škodljivi.

Beljakovine se v telesu stalno izmenjujejo – razgrajujejo in sintetizirajo na novo, zato mora biti konj ves čas ustrezno oskrbljen z vsemi potrebnimi aminokislinami, kajti že kratkotrajnejše pomanjkanje teh snovi omejuje obnavljanje tkiv. Pri mladih živalih, ki pridobivajo mišično maso (rast) se poleg nenehnega izmenjevanja beljakovine tudi intenzivno nalagajo, zato v svoji prehrani še posebej rabijo veliko beljakovin oziroma aminokislin; odrasel organizem pa nalaga beljakovine le pri težkem delu (rast mišic), v brejosti ali pri okrevanju.

Vsaka beljakovina je sestavljena iz aminokislin v točno določenem zaporedju – torej je za nastanek beljakovine potrebna prava količina pravih aminokislin. Dejstvo, ki si ga v tem primeru moramo zapomniti je, da je za sintezo katere koli beljakovine v organizmu nujno potrebna določena količina točno določenih aminokislin. Če vseh potrebnih aminokislin ni na voljo v zadostni količini, potem sinteza neke beljakovine ni možna – torej, konj mora biti vedno zadostno oskrbljen z vsemi potrebnimi aminokislinami, da bo tvoril potrebne beljakovine.  Aminokislina, ki je esencialna in je je v krmi najmanj, omejuje izkoriščanje ostalih aminokislin in jo imenujemo limitirajoča – v procesu izgradnje beljakovin bo nastalo le toliko neke beljakovine, kolikor je limitirajoče aminokisline. In če je v obroku premalo esencialne in hkrati limitirajoče aminokisline, konj ne bo zadostno oskrbljen s potrebnimi beljakovinami in lahko bo prišlo do znakov pomanjkanja. Pri konjih najpogosteje pride do pomanjkanja esencialne in limitirajoče aminokisline lizina, ki je med drugimi dodana dopolnilni krmni mešanici VitaHorSe.

Nezadostna oskrba s proteini oziroma aminokislinami se kaže z zmanjšano konzumacijo krme, zmanjšano sintezo prebavnih encimov, zmanjšano sintezo serumskih beljakovin, zlasti albuminov, zmanjšanem številu belih in rdečih krvnih celic ter protiteles, zmanjšano sintezo hormonov, zmanjšano reaktivno sposobnostjo živčevja (zaradi pomanjkanja živčnih prenašalcev). Vse to se pa končno odraža v slabši rasti, slabši delovni sposobnosti, moteni reprodukciji in nenazadnje poslabšanem počutju in nemiru živali.

Za izravnavo dnevnih obrokov z vitamini in drugimi nujno potrebnimi snovmi priporočamo dnevno dodajanje dopolnilne krmne mešanice VitaHorSe®. VitaHorSe® je kombinacija mineralov, vitaminov in esencialnih aminokislin; omogoča boljše izkoriščanje energije in beljakovin iz zaužite krme, s tem pa intenzivnejše in skladnejše delovanje organov. Rezultat je boljše zdravstveno stanje, večja plodnost, boljše gibalne lastnosti in odpornost ter počutje živali.

 

VitaHorSe® je kombinacija mineralov, vitaminov in esencialnih aminokislin; omogoča boljše izkoriščanje energije in beljakovin iz zaužite krme, s tem pa intenzivnejše in skladnejše delovanje organov. Rezultat je boljše zdravstveno stanje, večja plodnost, boljše gibalne lastnosti in odpornost ter počutje živali.

Za izravnavo dnevnih obrokov priporočamo vsakodnevno dodajanje dopolnilne krmne mešanice VitaHorSe®.

Pripravila: Mateja Ratiznojnik, dr.vet.med.

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