Kopito

Kopito

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Notranji deli kopita:

Kopitna kapsula v svoji notranjosti skriva strukture, ki so pomembne za pravilno delovanje kopita v celoti. Površno poznavanje notranjih delov kopita pogosto pripelje do napačno obrezanih in/ali napačno kovanih kopit in do trajnih posledic. Zelo pogosto se ne zavedamo v kolikšni meri “nepravilna” oblika okončin in deformacije kopita vplivajo na notranje dele, ker poškodbe navzven na prvi pogled (laikom) niso vidne. Tako se kopičijo dolga leta in ko jih le opazimo na žalost (skoraj) ni več poti nazaj (navikularni sindrom, kronični nezdravljen laminitis, …)

 

V kopitu se nahajajo:

  • spondnji del srednje prstnice,
  • spodnja prstnica,
  • zakopitnica,
  • prstna blazinica,
  • prekrvavitveni/žilni sistem, ligamenti in tetive mišic.

Spodnja prstnica je kost v obliki polkroga, prepredena z mnogimi tuneli v katerih se nahajajo žile – zaradi tega je v primerjavi z ostalimi kostmi lažja. Stransko in v smeri nazaj se nahaja kopitni hrustanec (levi in desni) – ta del je prožen in se premika v elateriju, sodeluje pri absorbciji energije.  S starostjo ali napačno biomehaniko kopita (kronične in akutne poškodbe) hrustanec osificira, kar mu ne omogoča več gibanja. Pogosta posledica je zlom osificiranega hrustanca, kar konju povzroča bolečino.  Spodnja prstnica se nahaja v kopitu pod kotom 10 – 15° in ni paralelna s tlemi – to omogoča ob pristanku kopita na tla (v hitrem gibanju) majhen zdrs spodnje prstnice v kopitni kapsuli, kar ublaži udarec, pomembno vlogo pri tem mehanizmu pa imajo lamine.

Kopita konj z nepravilno konfiguracijo okončin je potrebno pravilno obrezati in popravke po potrebi zaščititi s kovanjem. Če se kopita ne zaščiti se popravki lahko obrabijo že po 4 dneh in tako ponovno pride na plan nepravilna oblika kopita.

Zaradi nepravilne oblike okončin sklepi ne delujejo skladno z mišicami in s časom so obrabe na kosteh in pritiski na tetive tako veliki, da pripeljejo do trajnih poškodb (artritis, vnetje sklepnih kapsul, kontrakcije tetiv, pomanjšana prožnost zaradi pretegov, kontrakcija in poškodbe mišic).

Na spodnji prstnici se konča tetiva globinske prstne upogibalke (pomemben del pri poznavanju mehanizma laminitisa in rotaciji P3).
Na spodnji prstnici se konča tetiva globinske prstne upogibalke (pomemben del pri poznavanju mehanizma laminitisa in rotaciji P3).
Zakopitnica je manjša kost, ki se nahaja na spodnji strani biceljnega sklepa s katerima je v kontaktu. Nad njo teče tetiva globinske prstne upogibalke, ki pritiska zakopitnico ob P2 in P3.
Zakopitnica je manjša kost, ki se nahaja na spodnji strani biceljnega sklepa s katerima je v kontaktu. Nad njo teče tetiva globinske prstne upogibalke, ki pritiska zakopitnico ob P2 in P3.

 

Blazinica zapolnjuje celoten del med strelo, končnim delom globinske prstne upogibalke, zakopitnico in kopitnim hrustancom. Njen namen je absorbirati čimvečji del energije ob udarcu na tla.

 

 

Prstna iztegovalka in tetiva

Mišice, tetive, vezi: vse mišice nog se pri konju nahajajo nad zapestjem (mišice podlahti) ter pošiljajo svoje dolge tetive navzdol, proti kopitu in spodnji prstnici. Zaradi tega je vso gibanje odvisno od delovanja mišic v zgornjem delu okončin, glavi, vratu, hrbtu in celotnem telesu.

Za lažjo predstavo bomo opisali samo 3 najpomembnejše tetive.

Tetiva prstne iztegovalke: teče dorsalno (na sprednji površini noge). Konča se na dorsalni strani spodnje prstnice.

Tetiva površinske prstne upogibalke: teče palmarno (na zadnji površini noge), nahaja se nad tetivo globinske prstne upogibalke, konča se na naslonilu venčnice (scutum medium).

Tetiva globinske prstne upogibalke: teče na palmarni strani noge, konča se na spodnji strani kopitnice.

zile1Prekrvavitev: v kopitu je žilni sistem zelo razvit. Preko arterij mora priti zadostna količina krvi, ki zagotavlja pritok hranilnih snovi in kisika. Preko ven se odvedejo presnovne snovi. Kapilare so tanke žile z zelo tanko steno – omogočajo preprost pretok hranil iz žil v tkivo in presnovnih snovi iz tkiv nazaj v žile. Oblikuje se komplicirano žilno omrežje, ki živim delom kopita zagotavlja zadostno količino krvi. Ko žile dosežejo spodnjo kopitnico gredo v njeno notranjost, tečejo po mnogih tunelih (terminalen lok) v kosti in pridejo na površje, kjer oskrbujejo dermalne lamine stene in podplata, ter se združijo v krožni veni. Kri brez kisika in z odpadnimi snovmi se izteka preko krožne arterije podplata – v tem delu se zadržuje kri preden se zaradi pritiska teže na prst ponovno vrne proti srcu (glej elaterij).

zile2b

zile2c

nervi
Živci so obarvani rumeno.

Oživčenje: živci v nogah in kopitu sledijo podobni poti kot žile. Njihova naloga je prenos impulzov iz možganov in hrbtenjače v kopito – in nazaj. Kopito je zelo oživčen del telesa, kar mu zagotavlja popolno prepoznavanje položaja noge in čutenje bolečine.

Primer: konj v gibanju – impulzi tečejo iz možganov  (naloga “gibanja”) proti mišicam in vezem v nogah in v kopito. Iz kopita, vezi in mišic se informacije vračajo nazaj v hrbtenjačo in možgane. Konj tako zazna položaj noge v okolju in površino tal, se zaveda svojega gibanja in kako mora stopati. Sčasoma si refleksno zapomni kako se njegovo telo obnaša v okolju. Prehitre spremembe pri obrezovanju, kovanju, čevljih se pri konju odražajo kot nestabilen in nesiguren korak, spotikanje.

Boleča kopita so pomemben obrambni mehanizem pred nadaljnjim obremenjevanjem nog in kopit ter poskus konja, da se obvaruje pred patološkimi spremembami kopita (npr. laminitis, navikularni sindrom). Bolj boli – manj se konj giblje.

Na splošno (vendar obstajajo izjeme) se ni pametno lotevati  bolečine kopita/nog  s protibolečinskimi zdravili, ker se ob odpravi bolečine konj ponovno neomejeno giblje in se na tak način še dodatno poškoduje. Pri akutnem laminitisu sedacija ni najboljša izbira (glej spodaj mehanizem globoke prstne upogibalke – spodnja prstnica – odstop lamin); razen v primeru, ko mora veterinar/kovač nujno intervenirati, če žival zaradi bolečin ne more stati na nogah.

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