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Mikroskopska anatomija kopita

V kopitu imamo epidermalen del (= kopitna stena, ki je kožni derivat) in dermalen del (podkožno tkivo). Med njima se nahaja tanek sloj celic -basalna membrana.

Derma je podkožno tkivo, pritrjeno na spodnjo prstnico in prepleteno z bogato mrežo žil in živcev, ki zagotavlja hranilne snovi epidermalnim laminam. V podkožnem tkivu na nivoju krone (coronary groove) se nahajajo staminalne celice. Le-te proizvajajo srednji sloj kopitne stene, ki od tukaj naprej le še drsi v smeri navzdol po dermalnih laminah, ki se obnašajo kot nekakšna šablona. Dermalne lamine se med seboj prepletajo z epidermalnimi laminami kopitne stene kot listi dveh knjig.

Staminalne celice se nahajajo v točno določenih delih telesa. So sposobne delitve in na tak način proizvajajo nove celice v telesu – v našem primeru nove rožene celice kopitne stene.
Prerez kopitne stene na delu »krone«. Vsaka dermalna papila (coronary papillae) se prilega kanalu na nivoju krone (»coronary groove = žilnati svitek??«) in je odgovorna za obstoj in rast enega tulca kopitne stene.
Prerez kopitne stene na delu »krone«. Vsaka dermalna papila (coronary papillae) se prilega kanalu na nivoju krone (» žilnati svitek = coronary groove «) in je odgovorna za obstoj in rast enega tulca kopitne stene.
Prerez kopitne stene na »prstu« (konici): Kot prej - vsaka dermalna papila se prilega kanalu v epidermalnem coriumu podplata (»sole corium = žilnatega podplata??«). Podobno razmerje velja med dermalnimi in epidermalnimi laminami v steni kopita. Na distalnem koncu vsake dermalne papile je skupek terminalnih papil. Epidermis okoli terminalnih papil proizvaja notranji sloj bele linije.
Prerez kopitne stene na »prstu« (konici): Kot prej – vsaka dermalna papila se prilega kanalu v epidermalnem coriumu podplata  = žilnatem podplatu«). Podobno razmerje velja med dermalnimi in epidermalnimi laminami v steni kopita. Na distalnem koncu vsake dermalne papile je skupek terminalnih papil. Epidermis okoli terminalnih papil proizvaja notranji sloj bele linije.

Na notranji strani kopitne stene je po odstranitvi živih delov s prostim očesom vidnih 600 epidermalnih primarnih lamin. Iz vsake primarne lamine se razveji še dodatnih 150 – 200 sekundarnih epidermalnih lamin. Naloga lamin je povečati površino v kopitu (izračunano 0,8m2/ kopito) in tako “zadržati spodnjo prstnico vodložilnem položaju – to omogoča, da se med pristankom kopita na tla večina pritiska noge/teže živali razporedi na kopitno steno in ne na površino podplata.

Pogled v notranji del kopitne kapsule - navpične črte so primarne epidermalne lamine.
Pogled v notranji del kopitne kapsule – navpične črte so primarne epidermalne lamine.
Mikroskopska povezava
Mikroskopska povezava
Tako izgledajo tanke kapilare okoli dermalnih papil, ki zagotavljajo zadosten pritok krvi in hranilnih snovi. To je del krone, ki ga prizadene akutni laminitis. Posledično je pravilna rast kopitne stene odvisna od omejitve prizadetosti krvnega pretoka v tem delu.
Tako izgledajo tanke kapilare okoli dermalnih papil, ki zagotavljajo zadosten pritok krvi in hranilnih snovi. To je del krone, ki ga prizadene akutni laminitis. Posledično je pravilna rast kopitne stene odvisna od omejitve prizadetosti krvnega pretoka v tem delu.

Med dermalnimi in epidermalnimi laminami se nahajajo desmosomi (zelo majhne točke, ki obe strukturi trdno združujejo skupaj). Z rastjo kopita epidermalni del drsi po dermalnem. Stične točke se tako med rastjo kopitne stene spreminjajo in premikajo.

Normalna prekrvavitev epidermalnih lamin (kapilare se nahajajo v dermalnem sloju).
Normalna prekrvavitev epidermalnih lamin (kapilare se nahajajo v dermalnem sloju).
LAMINITIS: iz mikroskopskega vidika se v akutnem laminitisu zgodi naslednje:

  • Zaradi različnih vzrokov pride do vnetja živih delov kopita (navzven se vidi kot povečana temperatura kopita); sledi  »krvni preskok (= shunt)«, kjer se poškoduje krvni pretok v dermalnem delu, od katerega epidermalne lamine dobivajo hranilne snovi. Lahko se poškoduje tudi prekrvavitev krone, kar privede do sprememb v tvorbi nove kopitne stene (pomembnost preverjanja krvnega pretoka po laminitisu).  Ni nenavadno, da so kopita v kronični fazi bolj mrzla kot bi morala biti (zaradi pomanjšanega dotoka krvi).
  • Poškodba desmosomov – prej močna zasidranost med živim in neživim delom kopita je oslabljena.
  • Če so poškodbe hude, se z vsakim korakom (zaradi vlečnih sil, ki so prenesene na spodnjo prstnico preko globinske prstne upogibalke) strga več desmosomov; kar povzroča oddaljevanje basalne membrane od primarnih epidermalnih lamin. Sledi rotacija kopitne kosti nazaj.
Poškodba kapilar, posledično nezadovoljiv pritok hranilnih snovi in kisika povzročijo oddaljevanje epidermalnih lamin med seboj in od basalne membrane. Sledi rotacija kopitnice.
Poškodba kapilar, posledično nezadovoljiv pritok hranilnih snovi in kisika povzročijo oddaljevanje epidermalnih lamin med seboj in od basalne membrane. Sledi rotacija kopitnice.

– Za rast in vzdrževanje podplata je odgovoren “Solar corium”, v katerem se nahajajo kapilare in germinalne celice. Vsebuje veliko papil različnih velikosti, ki proizvajajo podplatno roževino (s prostim očesom vidno kot “laski”, ki se preko luknjic vtikajo v podplatno steno). Notranja/globoka površina “solar corium” se pritrdi preko dermalnega tkiva na palmarno stran spodnje prstnice. Derma je tudi tukaj dobro prekrvavljena  –  vsebuje “solar venous plexus”.

– “Strelin corium”:  narejen iz mnogo papil, ki proizvajajo gumi podoben material. Notranja površina je v stiku s “prstno blazinico”.

Iz srca hvala  Delavcu za izkazano potrpežljivost, Barbari ter Sandiju se zahvaljujem za pomoč pri nekaterih  prevodih in pri iskanju slovenske terminologije.

p.s.

Rade volje sprejmem predloge za nadaljno pisanje – teme o katerih bi radi izvedeli kaj več, kljub temu, da mi pisanje gre bolj počasi od rok.

Avtor članka: Tina Tomažič

Literatura:
Anatomia comparata dei mammiferi domestici  vol 1, Barone R. (2002),  Il sole 24 ore Edagricole, Bologna (Italia)
Anatomia comparata dei mammiferi domestici  vol 2.1, Barone R. (2003), Il sole 24 ore Edagricole, Bologna (Italia)
Anatomia comparata dei mammiferi domestici  vol 2.2, Barone R. (2003)  Il sole 24 ore Edagricole, Bologna (Italia)
Anatomia e fisiologia degli animali domestici, Bortolami R., Callegari E.(2000) Edagricole, Bologna (Italia)
DVM Hans Castejins: www.mascalcia.net
Radiologia veterinaria, Bertoni G., Brunetti A., Pozzi L.  (2005) Idelson-Gnocchi
Mascalcia – Pratica Ippiatrica, Venturi D. (2008)  Veterinary bookstore, Bologna (Italia)
Equine podiatry, A.E. Floyd, R.A. Mansmann (2007)  Saunders Elsevier, China
Color atlas of the horse’s foot, Pollitt C. (1996),  Mosby – Wolfe, Barcelona  (Spain)
Farriery: The whole horse concept, D.W. Gill, (2007) Notthingham University Press; Wiltshire (UK)
Corrective farriery Vol 1 – a textbook of remedial horseshoeing, Curtis S. (2002) Newmarket Farrier Consultancy, Suffolk (UK)
Adam’s lameness in horses  – 5th Edition, T. S. Stashack (2002), WileyBlackwell
Slikovni priročnik za anatomijo domačih živali; Rebesko B.; Rigler L. (1983, DZS, Ljubljana

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