Kopito

Kopito

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Priznam, da sem pri pisanju tega članka in prevajanju strokovnih izrazov naletela na kar nekaj težav. Za morebitne “italijanske oz. angleške izraze” se vnaprej opravičujem; če obstaja slovenska različica, ki je ne poznam mi jo prosim sporočite.

Kopitna kapsula je kožni derivat,  narejen iz roževine, njen sestavni del pa je beljakovina keratin.  Razlika med človeškim nohtom in kopitom je v različnem namenu in posledično drugačni organizaciji roževine. V nohtu so  roževinasta “vlakna” neenakomerno razporejena in njihov namen je zaščititi prstne konice pred poškodbami; medtem ko je roževina v steni  kopita dobro organizirana – v obliki 3 slojne strukture.

Beljakovina keratin je bogata z disolfurom, kar daje kopitu odpornost. V streli in beli liniji je količina disolfura manjša, bogati pa sta s sulfidi, kar daje večjo prožnost streli, vendar  je zaradi tega manj odporna proti obrabi.

Za izgradnjo keratina (in zdravega kopita) mora konj prejeti zadostno količino amino-kislin iz prehrane (najpomembnejši je biotin ali vitamin H).

Zunanja plast je zelo tanka in svetleča ter ščiti kopito pred izgubo vlage; srednja plast je narejena iz navpičnih roževinastih tulcev, sposobna prenašati težo – tulci se začenjajo pri kroni in rastejo do tal (dolgi do 15 cm); notrjanja plast je sestavljena iz približno 600 paralelnih primarnih epidermalnih lamel (iz vsake primarne lamele se razveji še dodatnih 150 – 200 sekundarnih).

Rast kopita je približno 1 cm na mesec, lahko pa je večja ali manjša – odvisno od okolja v katerem konj živi. Roževina kopitne kapsule zadržuje okoli 25% vode in jo je sposobna sprejemati ali oddajati, kar se odraža v hitrosti rasti, prožnosti kopita, obrabi.

(Pre)mehko oz. (pre)trdo kopito lahko pripeljeta do problemov, zato je za njihovo stanje potrebno vedno dobro skrbeti. Poleg rednega čiščenja in obrezovanja ter po potrebi kovanja, je potrebno omejiti preveliko izgubo ali sprejemanje vlage.

V vlažnem in mokrem okolju kopito raste hitreje, je mehkejše, bolj dovzetno za obrabo (v primeru, ko konj ni kovan) in mikoze.

V suhem okolju je rast kopita počasnejša in kopito je izsušeno (zaradi izgube vode) – pogosto se izsušeno kopito napačno razume kot trdo in odporno. V primeru prevelike izgube vode se strela izsuši in začne vleči podplat skupaj. Sčasoma se pozna na preveliki konkavosti le-tega (teoretično to pripelje do prevelikega pritiska na tetivo globinske prstne upogibalke) in skrčenju celotne kopitne kapsule.
Na rast kopita vplivajo:

– genetika,
– prehrana,
– podlaga na kateri konj dela/živi,
– delo.

 Približni % vode v različnih delih kopita:

– kopitna stena (kapsula) = 25%
– podplat = 33 %
– strela = 50 %

Anatomsko je kopito razdeljeno na zunanji in notranji del.


Zunanji del:

– stena (prst (konica), četrtine, pete)

– podplat

– strela

Stena je tisti del kopita, ki se vidi iz strani, ko je kopito na tleh. Navpične črte (smer rasti roženih tulcev) so normalne; vodoravne črte pa so znak neenakomerne rasti kopita.

Kopitna stena je razdeljena na “konico, četrtine in pete”. Stena je najdebelejša v sprednjem delu kopita, in se tanjša v smeri nazaj (največji elaterij je v zadnjem delu).

Vodoravne črte se pojavijo zaradi vnetja v kroni ter okvar krvnega pretoka, vendar niso nujno znak kroničnega laminitisa – lahko so tudi posledica sistemskih patologij.

Kopitna stena je razdeljena na “konico, četrtine in pete”. Stena je najdebelejša v sprednjem delu kopita, in se tanjša v smeri nazaj (največji elaterij je v zadnjem delu).

ELATERIJ – s to besedo se označuje biomehanika kopita med pristankom na tla in dvigom iz tal. Ko se kopito nahaja na tleh se strela dotika tal, zadnji deli kapsule se razširijo pod težo živali; ko se kopito ponovno dvigne iz tal se kopitna stena povrne v prvotno lego.

Ko se na prst upre teža in se pritisk v notranjosti poveča, je kri potisnjena v smeri proti srcu. Ko pa se kopito dvigne iz tal se pritisk v notranjosti kopita zmanjša in vene se ponovno napolnijo s krvjo. Ni še popolnoma jasno in raziskano, če ta sistem resnično pripomore k absorbciji udarcev ob kopito.

Pogosto se zaradi nepravilnega kovanja (žeblji pribiti do zadnje luknje) elaterij zelo omeji. V nasprotju z nekaterimi “miselnimi smernicami” pa primerno in dobro kovanje naj ne bi blokiralo mehanizma.

“Prst” (“konica”) (1) je sprednji del kopita.  Stena je v tem delu debela okoli        12 – 14 mm, kar daje temu delu kopitne kapsule najmanjšo prožnost. V primeru predolge konice se povečajo vlečne sile na lamine in verjetnost laminitisa se poveča. “Četrtina” (2) – stena je v tem delu tanjša, kar omogoča elaterij. Pri kovanem konju se žeblji praviloma naj ne bi pritrdili dlje od tega dela (naj ne bi  presegali zelene črte v smeri nazaj). “Pete” (3) – stena je najtanjša (8 – 9 mm). Ta del kopitne stene je najbolj aktiven v elateriju (se najbolj razširi), ko je kopito na tleh.

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